Authors
Belova A. N.
D. Med. Sc., Professor, Head of Department of Functional Diagnostics1
Rukina N. N.
PhD, Senior Researcer, Department of Functional Diagnostics1
Kuznetsov A. N.
Junior Researcer, Department of Functional Diagnostics1
Borzikow V. V.
Junior Researcer, Department of Functional Diagnostics1
Belova E. M.
resident2
1 - Federal State Budgetary Institution «Privolzhsky Federal Research Medical Centre» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
2 - State Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Training Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation
Corresponding author
Rukina N.N., E-mail: rukinann@mail.ru
Abstract
Prosthetic technology for adults and children with acquired and congenital upper limb defects has developed considerably lately. Modern prosthesis are complicated and expensive devices. So the demands for the objective assessment of their effectiveness and helpfulness became more and more intense. Assessment should be based on International Classification of Function and Disability and consider impairment, disability, handicap and health-related quality of life. Then, these tools should be valid and reliable. Outcomes of prosthesis users can be performance-based or self-reported. This review covered prosthetic-specific measures for adult and pediatric upper limb prosthesis users. Potentially suitable standardized generic outcome measures are also listed. Evaluative outcome measure concern arm structure and functional abilities, activity of daily living and social participation, as well as quality of life in adult or child with limb defects. Finally, summarized outcome measurements data for adult and children with upper limb deficiency and prosthesises, based on international recommendations, are presented.
Key words
prosthesis, upper limb, assessment, outcome measures
References
1. Anastazi, A. Psihologicheskoe testirovanie [Psychological testing]. Russian translation. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1982.
2. Arnould, C., and M. Penta. «ABILHAND-kids: a measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy.» Neurol 63 (2004): 1045-052.
3. Bagley, Anita M., Fred Molitor, Lisa V. Wagner, Wendy Tomhaveo, and Michelle A. James. «The Unilateral Below Elbow Test: a function test for children with unilateral congenital below elbow deficiency.» Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 48, no. 7 (2007): 569-75. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01317.x.
4. Beaton, D. E., and C. Bombardier. «Measuring the whole or the parts? Validity, reliability and responsiveness of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand outcome measure in different regions of the upper extremity.» J Hand Ther 14 (2001): 128-46.
5. Beaton, D. E., J. G. Wright, and J. N. Katz. «Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches.» J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 (2005): 1038-046.
6. Bhaskaranand, Kumar, Anil K. Bhat, and K. Narayana Acharya. «Prosthetic rehabilitation in traumatic upper limb amputees (an Indian perspective).» Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery123, no. 7 (2003): 363-66. doi:10.1007/s00402-003-0546-4.
7. Biddiss, E., and T. Chau. «The roles of predisposing characteristics, established need, and enabling resources on upper extremity prosthesis use and abandonment.» Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol2, no. 2 (2007): 71-84.
8. Breakey, J. W. «Body image: The lower limb amputee.» JPO, no. 9 (1997): 58-66.
9. Buffart, L. M., M. E. Roebroeck, J. M. Pesch-Batenburg, W. G. Janssen, and H. J. Stam. «Assessment of arm/hand functioning in children with a congenital transverse or longitudinal reduction deficiency of the upper limb.» Disabil Rehabil28, no. 2 (2006): 85-95.
10. Buffart, L. M., M. E. Roebroeck, V. G. Heijningen, Van, J. M. Pesch-Batenburg, and H. J. Stam. «Assessment of arm/hand functioning in children with a congenital transverse or longitudinal reduction deficiency of the upper limb.» J Rehabil Med 39 (2007): 379-86.
11. Burger, H., D. Brezovar, and C. Marincek. «Comparison of clinical test and questionnaires for the evaluation of upper limb prosthetic use in children.» Disabil Rehabil 26, no. 14e15 (2004): 911-16.
12. Burger, H., D. Brezovar, and G. Vidmar. «A comparison of the University of New Brunswick Test of Prosthetic Function and the Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control.» Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 50, no. 4 (2014): 433-38.
13. Burger, H., F. Franchignoni, and A. W. Heinemann. «Validation of the orthotics and prosthetics user survey upper extremity functional status module in people with unilateral upper limb amputation.» J Rehabil Med 40, no. 5 (2008).
14. Carswell, Anne, Mary Ann Mccoll, Sue Baptiste, Mary Law, Helene Polatajko, and Nancy Pollock. «The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: A Research and Clinical Literature Review.» Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 71, no. 4 (2004): 210-22. doi:10.1177/000841740407100406.
15. Davidson, Judith. «A comparison of upper limb amputees and patients with upper limb injuries using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH).» Disability and Rehabilitation26, no. 14-15 (2004): 917-23. doi:10.1080/09638280410001708940.
16. Desmond, D. M., and M. MacLachlan. «Factor structure of the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales (TAPES) with individuals with acquired upper limb amputations.» Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84, no. 7 (2005): 506-13.
17. Desrosiers, J., G. Bravo, R. Hébert, E. Dutil, and L. Mercier. «Validation of the Box and Block Test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity, and norms studies.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75, no. 7 (1994): 751-55.
18. Desteli, E. E., Y. İmren, M. Erdoğan, G. Sarısoy, and S. Coşgun. «Comparison of upper limb àmputees and lower limb amputees: A psychosocial perspective.» Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 40 (2014): 735-39.
19. Dromerick, A. W., and C. N. Schabowsky. «Effect of training on upper-extremity prosthetic performance and motor learning: a single-case study.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89 (2008): 1199-204.
20. Finch, Elspeth. Physical rehabilitation outcome measures: a guide to enhanced clinical decision making. Toronto, Ont.: Canadian Physiotherapy Association, 2002.
21. Fougner, Anders L., Øyvind Stavdahl, and Peter J. Kyberd. «System training and assessment in simultaneous proportional myoelectric prosthesis control.» Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (2014): 75. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-75.
22. Gallagher, P., F. Franchignoni, and A. Giordano. «Trinity amputation and prosthesis experience scales: a psychometric assessment using classical test theory and Rasch analysis.» Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89, no. 6 (2010): 487-96.
23. Gallagher, P., and M. MacLachlan. «The Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales and quality of life in people with lower-limb amputation.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004): 730-36.
24. Gallagher, P., and M. MacLachlan. «Development and Psychometric evaluation of the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales (TAPES).» Rehabilitation Psychology 45 (2000): 130-54.
25. Gonzalez-Fernandez , M. «Development of Upper Limb Prostheses: Current Progress and Areas for Growth.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 95 (2014): 1013-014.
26. Graham, L., and R. C. Parke. «Outcome measures in amputation rehabilitation: ICF body functions.» Disabil Rehabil 28 (2006): 791-801.
27. Hebert, J. S., D. L. Wolfe, and W. C. Miller. «Outcome measures in amputation rehabilitation: ICF body functions.» Disabil Rehabil 31, no. 19 (2009): 1541-554.
28. Heinemann, A. W., R. K. Bode, and C. Oreilly. «Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey (OPUS): A comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International 27, no. 3 (2003): 191-206. doi:10.1080/03093640308726682.
29. Heinemann, Allen W., Lauri Connelly, Linda Ehrlich-Jones, and Stefania Fatone. «Outcome Instruments for Prosthetics.» Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 25, no. 1 (2014): 179-98. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2013.09.002.
30. Hermansson, L., A.C. Eliasson, and I. Engström. «Psychosocial adjustment in Swedish children with upper-limb reduction deficiency and a myoelectric prosthetic hand.» Acta Paediatrica 94, no. 4 (2007): 479-88. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01921.x.
31. Hermansson, L. M., L. Bodin, and A. C. Eliasson. «Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the assessment of capacity for myoelectric control.» J Rehabil Med 38, no. 2 (2006): 118-23.
32. Hermansson, Liselotte, Anne Fisher, Birgitta Bernspång, and Ann-Christin Eliasson. «Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control: a new rasch-built measure of prosthetic hand control.» Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine-1, no. 1 (2004): 1. doi:10.1080/16501970410024280.
33. Hill, W., and P. Kyberd. «Upper limb prosthetic outcome measures (ULPOM): A working group and their findings.» J Prosthet Orthot 21, no. 4 (2009): 69-82.
34. Huizing, Karin, Heleen Reinders-Messelink, Carel Maathuis, Mijna Hadders-Algra, and Corry K. Van Der Sluis. «Age at First Prosthetic Fitting and Later Functional Outcome in Children and Young Adults with Unilateral Congenital Below-Elbow Deficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International 34, no. 2 (2010): 166-74. doi:10.3109/03093640903584993.
35. Hunt, S. M., J. McEwen, and S. P. McKenna. The Nottingham Health Profile User’s Manual. 1981.
36. Hunt, S. M., J. McEwen, and S. P. McKenna. «Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists.» J Royal Coll Gen Pract 35 (1985): 185-88.
37. Imms, Christine. «Review of the Childrens Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment and the Preferences for Activity of Children.» Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 28, no. 4 (2008): 389-404. doi:10.1080/01942630802307135.
38. James, M., A. M. Bagley, K. Brasington, C. Lutz, S. McConnell, and F. Molitor. «Impact of prostheses on function and quality of life for children with unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency.» J Bone Joint Surg 88-A (2006): 2356-365.
39. James, Michelle A. «Unilateral Upper Extremity Transverse Deficiencies: Prosthetic Use and Function.» Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 30 (2010). doi:10.1097/bpo.0b013e3181cd9eba.
40. Jarl, Gustav M., Allen W. Heinemann, and Liselotte M. Norling Hermansson. «Orthotics and Prosthetics Users Survey--Modified Version.» PsycTESTS Dataset, 2012. doi:10.1037/t62565-000.
41. Jarl, Gustav Magnus, and Liselotte Maria Norling Hermansson. «Translation and linguistic validation of the Swedish version of Orthotics and Prosthetics Users Survey.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 2009, 1-10. doi:10.1080/03093640903168123.
42. Jebsen, R. H., N. Taylor, R. B. Trieschmann, M. J. Trotter, and L. A. Howard. «An objective and standardized test of hand function.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 50, no. 6 (1969): 311-19.
43. Kennedy, Paul. The Oxford handbook of rehabilitation psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.
44. King, G. A., M. Law, S. King, P. Hurley, S. Hanna, M. Kertoy, and P. Rosenbaum. «Measuring childrens participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC.» Child: Care, Health and Development 33, no. 1 (2007): 28-39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00613.x.
45. Korkmaz, M. «Evaluation of functionality in acquired and congenital upper extremity child amputees.» Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 46 (2012): 262-68.
46. Kotwal, P. P., M. K. Varshney, and A. Soral. «Comparison of surgical treatment and nonoperative management for radial longitudinal deficiency.» Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)37, no. 2 (2012): 161-69. doi:10.1177/1753193411413070.
47. Krumlinde-Sundholm, Lena, and Ann-Christin Eliasson. «Development of the Assisting Hand Assessment: A Rasch-built Measure intended for Children with Unilateral Upper Limb Impairments.» Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy10, no. 1 (2003): 16-26. doi:10.1080/11038120310004529.
48. Krumlinde-Sundholm, L., and M. Holmefur. «The Assisting Hand Assessment: current evidence of validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change.» Dev Med Child Neurol 49 (2007): 259-64.
49. Kyberd, P. J., and A. Murgia. «Case studies to demonstrate the range of applications of the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure.» Br J Occup Ther 72 (2009): 212-18.
50. Kyberd, P. J. «The influence of control format and hand design in single axis myoelectric hands: assessment of functionality of prosthetic hands using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure.» Prosthet Orthot Int 35 (2011): 285-93.
51. Lake, Christopher. «Effects of Prosthetic Training on Upper-Extremity Prosthesis Use.» JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics9, no. 1 (1997): 3-9. doi:10.1097/00008526-199701000-00003.
52. Law, Mary C., Sue Baptiste, Anne Carswell, Mary Ann McColl, Helene J. Polatajko, and Nancy Pollock. Canadian occupational performance measure. Toronto, Ontario: CAOT Publications, 1998.
53. Light, C. M., P. H. Chappell, and P. J. Kybred. «. Establishing a standardized clinical assessment tool of pathologic and prosthetic hand function: normative data, reliability and validity.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83 (2002): 776-83.
54. Light, Colin Michael. An intelligent hand prosthesis and evaluation of pathological and prosthetic hand function. PhD diss., Thesis (Ph. D.), 2000.
55. Lindner, H. Y., J. M. Linacre, and L. M. Norling Hermansson. «Assessment of capacity for myoelectric control: evaluation of construct and rating scale.» J Rehabil Med 41, no. 6 (2009): 467-74.
56. Lindner, Helen Y. N., Birgitta Sjöqvist Nätterlund, and Liselotte M. Norling Hermansson. «Upper Limb Prosthetic Outcome Measures: Review and Content Comparison Based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International 34, no. 2 (2010): 109-28. doi:10.3109/03093641003776976.
57. Lindner, H., A. Langius-Eklöf, and L. Hermansson. «Test-retest reliability and rater agreements of Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control version 2.0.» JRRD 51, no. 4 (2014): 635-44.
58. Luchetti, M., A. Cutti, G. Verni, R. Sacchetti, and N. Rossi. «Impact of Michelangelo prosthetic hand: Findings from a crossover longitudinal study.» JRRD 52, no. 5 (2015): 605-18.
59. Macdermid, Joy C., Leenesh Khadilkar, Trevor B. Birmingham, and George S. Athwal. «Validity of the QuickDASH in Patients With Shoulder-Related Disorders Undergoing Surgery.» Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy45, no. 1 (2015): 25-36. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5033.
60. Mathiowetz, V., G. Volland, and N. Kashman. «Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity.» Am J Occup Ther 39, no. 6 (1985): 386-91.
61. Metcalf, C. D., H. Woodward, V. Wright, P. H. Chappell, J. H. Burridge, and V. T. Yule. «Changes in hand function with age and normative unimpaired scores when measured with the Southampton hand assessment procedure.» Br J Hand Ther 13 (2008): 79-83.
62. Metcalf, Cheryl, Jo Adams, Jane Burridge, Victoria Yule, and Paul Chappell. «A review of clinical upper limb assessments within the framework of the WHO ICF.» Musculoskeletal Care 5, no. 3 (2007): 160-73. doi:10.1002/msc.108.
63. Michielsen, A., I. Wijk, Van, and M. Ketelaar. «Participation and health-related quality of life of Dutch children and adolescents with congenital lower limb deficiencies.» J Rehabil Med 43 (2011): 587-89.
64. Miller, L., R. Lipschutz, K. Stubblefield, B. Lock, H. Huang, T. Williams, R. Weir, and T. Kuiken. «Control of a six degree of freedom prosthetic arm after targeted muscle reinnervation surgery.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89, no. 11 (2008): 2057-065.
65. OʼShaughnessy, Kristina D., Gregory A. Dumanian, Robert D. Lipschutz, Laura A. Miller, Kathy Stubblefield, and Todd A. Kuiken. «Targeted Reinnervation to Improve Prosthesis Control in Transhumeral Amputees.» The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 90, no. 2 (2008): 393-400. doi:10.2106/jbjs.g.00268.
66. Otr, Olga Van Der Niet, Heleen A. Reinders-Messelink, Raoul M. Bongers, Hanneke Bouwsema, and Corry K. Van Der Sluis. «The i-LIMB Hand and the DMC Plus Hand Compared: A Case Report.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International 34, no. 2 (2010): 216-20. doi:10.3109/03093641003767207.
67. Ottenbacher, K. J., and A. Cusick. «Goal attainment scaling as a method of clinical evaluation.» Am J Occup Ther 44 (1990): 519-25.
68. Penta, Massimo, Jean-Louis Thonnard, and Luigi Tesio. «ABILHAND: A Rasch-built measure of manual ability.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79, no. 9 (1998): 1038-042. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90167-8.
69. Platz , T., and C. Pinkowski. «Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: a multicenter study.» Clin Rehabil 19 (2005): 404-11.
70. Post, Marcel W.M., Atefrans De Bruin, Luc De Witte, and August Schrijvers. «The SIP68: A measure of health-related functional status in rehabilitation medicine.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 77, no. 5 (1996): 440-45. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90031-3.
71. Pruitt, S. D., J. W. Varni, M. Seid, and Y. Setoguchi. «Functional status in limb deficiency: development of an outcome measure for preschool children.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79 (1998): 405-11.
72. Pruitt, S. D., J. W. Varni, and Y. Setoguchi. «Functional status in children with limb deficiency: development and initial validation of an outcome measure.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 (1996): 1233-238.
73. Ramirez, Issa A., Craig P. Lusk, Rajiv Dubey, M. Jason Highsmith, and Murray E. Maitland. «Crossed four-bar mechanism for improved prosthetic grasp.» The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 46, no. 8 (2009): 1011. doi:10.1682/jrrd.2009.01.0004.
74. Ramstrand, N., and T.-H. Brodtkorb. «Considerations for developing an evidenced-based practice in orthotics and prosthetics.» Prosthetics and Orthotics International 32, no. 1 (2008): 93-102. doi:10.1080/03093640701838190.
75. Resnik, Linda, Laurel Adams, Matthew Borgia, Jemy Delikat, Roxanne Disla, Christopher Ebner, and Lisa Smurr Walters. «Development and Evaluation of the Activities Measure for Upper Limb Amputees.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 94, no. 3 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.004.
76. Resnik L, Baxter K, Borgia M, Mathewson K. Is the UNB test reliable and valid for use with adults with upper limb amputation? J Hand Ther. 2013 Oct-Dec;26(4):353-359.
77. Resnik, L., K. Baxter, M. Borgia, and K. Mathewson. «Is the UNB test reliable and valid for use with adults with upper limb amputation? .» J Hand Ther26, no. 4 (2013): 353-59.
78. Resnik, L., M. R. Meucci, and S. Lieberman-Klinger. «Advanced upper limb prosthetic devices: implications for upper limb prosthetic rehabilitation.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil93 (2012): 710-17.
79. Rider, B., and C. Lindern. «Comparison of standardized and non-standardized administration of the Jebsen Hand Function Test.» J Hand Ther, no. 2 (1988): 121-23.
80. Safaz, I., B. Yilmaz, A. S. Goktepe, and K. Yazicioglu. «Turkish Version of The Amputee Body Image Scale and Relationship with Quality of Life.» Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 20 (2010): 79-83.
81. Sanderson, E.R. and R.N. Scott. UNB test of prosthetic function: a test for unilateral upper extremity amputees, ages 2-13. Fredricton, New Brunswick, Canada: Bio-Engineering Institute, University of New Brunswick; 1985. www.unb.ca/biomed/unb_test_of_prosthetics_function.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2012.
82. Simon, A., B. Lock, and K. Stubblefield. «Patient training for functional use of pattern recognition–controlled prosthese.» J Prosthet Orthot 24, no. 2 (2012): 56-64.
83. Spaargaren, Els, Jasmyn Ahmed, Willem J.r. Van Ouwerkerk, Vincent De Groot, and Heleen Beckerman. «Aspects of activities and participation of 7–8 year-old children with an obstetric brachial plexus injury.» European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 15, no. 4 (2011): 345-52. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.03.008.
84. Steenbeek, D., and M. Ketelaar. «Goal attainment scaling in paediatric rehabilitation: a critical review of the literature.» Dev Med Child Neurol 49 (2007): 550-56.
85. Stratford, P., and C. Gill. «Assessing disability and change in individual patients: a report of a patient specific measure.» Physiother Can 47 (1995): 258.
86. Taylor, N., and P. L. Sand. Evaluation of hand function in children. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 54, no. 3 (1973): 129-35.
87. Dijk-Koot, C. A., Van, Van der Ham, Inez et al. Current experiences with the prosthetic upper extremity functional index in follow-up of children with upper limb reduction deficiency. J Prosthet Orthot 21 (2009): 110-14.
88. Vandervelde, L., P. Y. K. Van Den Bergh, M. Penta, and J. L. Thonnard. «Validation of the ABILHAND questionnaire to measure manual ability in children and adults with neuromuscular disorders.» Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 81, no. 5 (2009): 506-12. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.177055.
89. Varni, James W., Michael Seid, and Paul S. Kurtin. «PedsQL™ 4.0: Reliability and Validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales in Healthy and Patient Populations.» Medical Care 39, no. 8 (2001): 800-12. doi:10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006.
90. Walker, S., and R. Roser. Quality of life assessment. Kluwer academic publishers, 1993.
91. Ware, J., and C. Sherbourne. «The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36).» Medical Care 30 (1992): 473-83.
92. Ware, John E., Kristin K. Snow, Mark Kosinski, and Barbara Gandek. SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: Health Institute, New England Medical Center, 1993.
93. Ware, J. E. «Improvements in short-form measures of health status: Introduction to a series.» J Clin Epidemiol61 (2008): 1-5.
94. ICIDH-2: International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICIDH). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
95. Wright, F. Virginia, Sheila Hubbard, Stephen Naumann, and Jeffrey Jutai. «Evaluation of the validity of the prosthetic upper extremity functional index for children.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84, no. 4 (2003): 518-27. doi:10.1053/ampr.2003.50127.
96. Wright, F. Virginia. «Measurement of Functional Outcome With Individuals Who Use Upper Extremity Prosthetic Devices: Current and Future Directions.» JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 18, no. 2 (2006): 46-56. doi:10.1097/00008526-200604000-00006.
97. Wright, F. Virginia, Sheila Hubbard, Jeffrey Jutai, and Stephen Naumann. «The prosthetic upper extremity functional index: Development and reliability testing of a new functional status questionnaire for children who use upper extremity prostheses.» Journal of Hand Therapy 14, no. 2 (2001): 91-104. doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(01)80039-9.
98. Wright, V. «Evidence Note Upper-Limb Prosthetic Outcome Measures.» Academy Today Advancing Orthotic and Prosthetic Care Through Knowledge 9, no. 1 (2013).
99. Wright, Virginia. «Prosthetic Outcome Measures for Use With Upper Limb Amputees: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature, 1970 to 2009.» JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 21, no. Supplement (2009). doi:10.1097/jpo.0b013e3181ae9637.
100.Ziegler-Graham, K., E. J. MacKenzie, and P. L. Ephraim. «Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050.» Arch Phys Med Rehabil89 (2008): 422-29.