Epidemiologic Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia at the Present Stage: Review of the Literature

Tsareva A. Yu.
Researcher, Department of Scientific Information «Life Sciences»¹

1 - All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAS), Moscow, Russian Federation

Tsareva Angelika; e-mail: Tsarfamily@yandex.ru

None declared.

The study had no sponsorship.

Introduction. The review is devoted to epidemiologic aspects of community-acquired pneumonia. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia remains high both in the world and in the Russian Federation (RF). The economic burden of this infection shows the need for the development of new methods to combat community-acquired pneumonia. Purpose of the study. To study the epidemiologic features of community-acquired pneumonia at the present stage. Materials and methods. We analyzed original articles on the topic of community-acquired pneumonia published in the databases PubMed, VINITI, electronic scientific library cyberleninka.ru. The most important articles in English and Russian, investigating issues related to etiology, epidemiology, diagnostics and treatment of out-of-hospital pneumonia, were selected. Results. Statistical data on the incidence of out-of-hospital pneumonia in the Russian Federation for 2019-2023 are presented. The etiology, main risk factors, risk groups and methods of prevention of this infection are studied. The etiologic significance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in the development of community-acquired pneumonia is considered. Antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae occurring in the Russian Federation is presented. The importance of vaccine prophylaxis of community-acquired pneumonia to prevent its spread in organized collectives is noted. Conclusion. The analysis of the literature has shown that the study of epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia is an urgent task at the present stage. Interest in this infection is constantly maintained at a high level. In 2019, since the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the publication activity on this topic has significantly increased. The issues of studying new etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia, search for modern drugs and diagnostic methods, development of regulatory documentation for the purpose of timely epidemiologic monitoring and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia remain relevant.

community-acquired pneumonia, epidemiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, virulence factors, vaccines

10.29234/2308-9113-2024-12-4-98-118

1. Zajcev A.A. Vnebol`nichnaya pnevmoniya: e`pidemiologiya, diagnostika i antimikrobnaya terapiya. [Community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiology, diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy.] Terapiya [Therapy] 2018; (1): 63-71. (In Russ.)

2. Pnevmoniya. Informaci¬onny`j byulleten` VOZ. [Pneumonia. Factsheet. WHO newsletter]. 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia Accessed: 27.02.2023. (In Russ.)

3. Chuchalin A.G. Pnevmoniya: aktual`naya problema mediciny` XXI veka. [Pneumonia: an urgent problem of medicine of the XXI century.] Pul`monologiya [Pulmonology] 2015, 25(2): 133-142. (In Russ.)

4. Vnebol`nichnaya pnevmoniya u detej. Klinicheskie reko¬mendacii. [Community acquired pneumonia in children. Clinical guidelines]. Moscow: 2015. (In Russ.)

5. Lobzin Yu.V., Sidorenko S.V., Xarit S.M., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae, vy`zy`vayushhix vedushhie nozologicheskie formy` pnevmokokkovy`x infekcij. [Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing leading nosological forms of pneumococcal infections.] Zhurnal Infektologii [Journal of Infectology] 2013; 5(4): 36-42. (In Russ.)

6. Beloshiczkij G.V., Mironov K.O., Koroleva I.S., Shipulin G.A. Geneticheskie tipy` invazivny`x pnevmokokkov v Moskve. [Genetic types of invasive pneumococci in Moscow.] E`pidemiologiya i vakcinoprofilaktika [Epidemiology and vaccine prevention] 2014; (5): 20-30. (In Russ.)

7. O sostoyanii sanitarno-e`pidemiologicheskogo blagopoluchiya naseleniya v Rossijskoj Federacii v 2023 godu: Gosudarstvenny`j doklad. [On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2023: State report.] Moscow: 2024. (In Russ.)

8. Mironov K.O., Platonov A.E., Dunaeva E.A., Kuseva V.I., Shipulin G.A. Metodika PCzR v rezhime real`nogo vremeni dlya opredeleniya serotipov Streptococcus pneumoniae. [Real-time PCR method for determination of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.] Zhurnal mikrobiologii, e`pidemiologii i immunobiologii [Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology] 2014; (1): 41-48. (In Russ.)

9. Protasova I.N., Baxareva N.V., Per`yanova O.V., Elistratova T.A., Koval` M.V. Smena serotipov Streptococcus pneumoniae u detej, vakcinirovanny`x 7-valentnoj kon``yugirovannoj vakcinoj. [Change of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in children vaccinated with 7-valent conjugate vaccine.] E`pidemiologiya i vakcinoprofilaktika [Epidemiology and vaccine prevention] 2014; (5): 67-71. (In Russ.)

10. Urban Yu.N., Voropaeva E.A., Afanas`ev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Karaulov A.V., Egorova E.A., Afanas`ev M.S., Nesvizhskij Yu.V., Aleshkin A.V., Oganesyan A.N. Molekulyarno-geneticheskaya, fenotipicheskaya i filogeneticheskaya xarakteristiki shtammov Streptococcus pneumoniae v ocenke ix e`pidemiologicheskoj roli. [Molecular-genetic, phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in assessing their epidemiological role.] Astraxanskij medicinskij zhurnal [Astrakhan Medical Journal] 2014; 9(1): 83-93. (In Russ.)

11. Plexova N.G., Kondrashova N.M., Somova L.M., Drobot E.I., Lyapun I.N. Vliyanie immunomodulyatorov na funkcional`nuyu aktivnost` kletok vrozhdennogo immuniteta, zarazhenny`x Streptococcus pneumoniae. [Effect of immunomodulators on the functional activity of innate immunity cells infected with Streptococcus pneumonia.] Byulleten` e`ksperimental`noj biologii i mediciny [Experimental Biology and Medicine Bulletin] 2014; 158(10): 461-465. (In Russ.)

12. Nonikov V.E. Antibakterial`naya terapiya pnevmonij v stacionare. [Antibacterial therapy of pneumonia in the hospital]. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal [Russian Medical Journal] 2001; 9(21): 923-929. (In Russ.)

13. Kruglyakova L.V., Nary`shkina S.V. Tyazhelaya vnebol`nichnaya pnevmoniya: diagnostika i lechenie (obzor literatury`). [Severe community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis and treatment (literature review).] Byulleten` fiziologii i patologii dy`xaniya [Bulletin of Physiology and Pathology of Breathing] 2016; (59): 98-108. (In Russ.)

14. Torres A., Chalmers J.D., Dela Cruz C.S., Dominedò C., Kollef M., Martin-Loeches I., Niederman M., Wunderink R.G. Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45(2): 159-171, doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05519-y

15. Mandell L.A. Community-acquired pneumonia: An overview. Postgrad Med. 2015; 127(6): 607-615, doi: 10.1080/00325481.2015.1074030

16. Peyrani P., Mandell L., Torres A., Tillotson G.S. The burden of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2019; 13(2): 139-152, doi: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1562339

17. Eshwara V.K., Mukhopadhyay C., Rello J. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update. Indian J Med Res. 2020; 151(4): 287-302, doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR­_1678­_19

18. File T.M. Jr, Marrie T.J. Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults. Postgrad Med. 2010; 122(2): 130-41, doi: 10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2130

19. Paton J.C., Trappetti C. Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide. Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7(2), doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0019-2018

20. Gómez-Mejia A., Gámez G., Hammerschmidt S. Streptococcus pneumoniae two-component regulatory systems: The interplay of the pneumococcus with its environment. Int J Med Microbiol. 2018; 308(6): 722-737, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.012

21. Ahmad-Mansour N., Loubet P., Pouget C., Dunyach-Remy C., Sotto A., Lavigne J.P., Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13(10): 677, doi: 10.3390/toxins13100677

22. Siegmund A., Afzal M.A., Tetzlaff F., Keinhörster D., Gratani F., Paprotka K., Westermann M., Nietzsche S., Wolz C., Fraunholz M., Hübner C.A., Löffler B., Tuchscherr L. Intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in endothelial cells is promoted by the absence of phenol-soluble modulins. Virulence 2021; 12(1): 1186-1198, doi: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910455

23. Rayner R.E., Savill J., Hafner L.M., Huygens F. Genotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae. Future Microbiol. 2015; 10(4): 653-664, doi: 10.2217/fmb.14.153

24. Bittaye M., Cash P. Streptococcus pneumoniae proteomics: determinants of pathogenesis and vaccine development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12(6): 607-621, doi: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1108844

25. Pichichero M.E., Khan M.N., Xu Q. Next generation protein based Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016; 12(1): 194-205, doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1052198

26. Mehraj J., Witte W., Akmatov M.K., Layer F., Werner G., Krause G. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Patterns in the Community. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016; 398: 55-87, doi: 10.1007/82­_2016­_497

27. Löffler B., Tuchscherr L. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Promoter or Handicap during Infection? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13(4): 287, doi: 10.3390/toxins13040287

28. Losier A., Dela Cruz C.S. New testing guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022; 35(2):128-132, doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000824

29. Leung A.K.C., Wong A.H.C., Hon K.L. Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2018; 12(2): 136-144, doi: 10.2174/1872213X12666180621163821

30. Zhang F., Zhuang J., Li Z., Gong H., de Ávila B.E., Duan Y., Zhang Q., Zhou J., Yin L., Karshalev E., Gao W., Nizet V., Fang R.H., Zhang L., Wang J. Nanoparticle-modified microrobots for in vivo antibiotic delivery to treat acute bacterial pneumonia. Nat Mater. 2022; 21(11): 1324-1332, doi: 10.1038/s41563-022-01360-9

31. Tang J., Ouyang Q., Li Y., Zhang P., Jin W., Qu S., Yang F., He Z., Qin M. Nanomaterials for Delivering Antibiotics in the Therapy of Pneumonia. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(24): 15738, doi: 10.3390/ijms232415738

32. Lee A.S., de Lencastre H., Garau J., Kluytmans J., Malhotra-Kumar S., Peschel A., Harbarth S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018; 4:18033, doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.33

33. Metlay J.P., Waterer G.W. Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 173(4): 304-305, doi: 10.7326/M20-2189